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Real-world and workload-based characterization of VOCs emissions from construction machinery in highway subgrade construction
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DOI：10.1007/s11869-026-02049-7.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Construction machinery is a significant source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which contribute to both ozone and particulate matter. In this study, VOCs emission factors for typical machinery used in highway subgrade construction were quantified under real-world operating conditions using both conventional fuel-based and workload-based normalization approaches. Component analysis of six types of machinery identified oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and alkanes as the predominant constituents, accounting for 47.3% and 25.7% of total emissions, respectively. Acetaldehyde and dodecane together contributed 17% of VOCs emissions, with more than 50% of species falling within the C₂–C₄ carbon-number range. Compound-specific assessment revealed that OVOCs and alkenes exhibited high ozone formation potential (OFP), with acetaldehyde and ethylene emerging as key reactive species. At the project scale, workload-normalized analysis identified dump trucks as the dominant VOCs emission source, contributing 38% of total emissions, and a reduction of 1 km in haul distance was estimated to decrease total project VOCs emissions by approximately 7.2%. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of fuel-based emission factors, project-level emission contributions, dominant chemical components, and ozone-forming reactivity of VOCs from construction machinery in subgrade engineering. A workload-based approach is proposed to quantify VOCs emissions from construction machinery. Workload analysis identifies dump trucks as the largest VOCs emitter (38%). OVOCs and alkanes dominate VOCs emissions (73%), led by acetaldehyde and dodecane. Short-chain alkenes and OVOCs exhibit the highest OFP, indicating key control targets. Reducing dump truck haul distance by 1 km cuts total project VOCs by 7.2%.
Keywords:
Volatile organic compounds
Construction machinery
Emission factors
Highway subgrade construction
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