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Recent Developments in Brain Dopamine Detection Using Nanomaterial-Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes
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DOI：10.1007/s11244-026-02328-8.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
A key neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, dopamine (DA) controls reward circuits, motor control, and cognition. Neurological conditions like depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease are associated with abnormal DA levels. Dopamine may be detected quickly, sensitively, selectively, and affordably via electrochemical sensors. Carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) modified with nanomaterials have attracted increasing interest in electrochemical platforms because of their large surface area, improved electron-transfer kinetics, customizable surface chemistry, and low production cost. The design methodologies, functional materials (carbon nanotubes, graphene derivatives, metal nanoparticles, conducting polymers), analytical performance benchmarks, and selectivity mechanisms. In accordance with the reviewed findings, conducting polymer-nanomaterial hybrid composites are currently the most promising modifier class for practical dopamine monitoring because they provide a superior combination of sub-nanomolar detection limits, outstanding antifouling resistance, and long-term stability. MXene-based composites combined with AI-assisted signal processing are emphasized as the top priority for next-generation sensor development, and major obstacles such as fabrication repeatability, in vivo biocompatibility, and the lack of clinical validation are noted.
Keywords:
Dopamine
Neurotransmitter
Nanomaterials
Carbon paste electrodes
Electrochemical sensing
Cyclic voltammetry
Differential pulse voltammetry
Modified electrodes
Biosensors
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318
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