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Regularizing Softmax With Graph Similarity for Enhanced Node Classification in Semisupervised Settings

delete2025-10-28
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OA
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Y
Yiming Yang
J
Jun Liu
万玮 (Wei Wan) *
DOI:10.1155/int/8861477delete
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Abstract

Abstract

En 中文
Graph neural networks have emerged as powerful tools for analyzing graph-structured data, particularly in semisupervised node classification tasks. However, the conventional softmax classifier, widely used in such tasks, fails to leverage the spatial information inherent in graph structures. To address this limitation, we propose a graph similarity regularized softmax for graph neural networks, which incorporates nonlocal total variation regularization into the softmax function to explicitly capture graph structural information. The weights in the nonlocal gradient and divergence operators are determined based on the graph’s adjacency matrix. We implement this regularized softmax in two popular graph neural network architectures, GCN and GraphSAGE, and evaluate its performance on citation (assortative) and webpage linking (disassortative) datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that our method significantly improves node classification accuracy and generalization compared to baseline models. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the proposed regularized softmax in handling both assortative and disassortative graphs, offering a principled way to encode graph spatial information into graph neural network classifiers.
Keywords:
node classification
non-local total variation
regularization
graph neural networks
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Journal

International Journal of Intelligent Systems cover
International Journal of Intelligent Systems
IF:
3.7
Papers:
3.0K
Citations:
8.1K

Organization

B
Beijing Normal University
Scholars:
3.3W
Papers: 2.7W
Citations: 4.2W
N
north china electric power university
Scholars:
2.5W
Papers: 1.7W
Citations: 16