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Regulatory burdens, managerial practices, and gender inclusion: determinants of firm performance
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DOI：10.1080/14783363.2026.2641033.png)
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Abstract
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Firm performance is critical for economic development in emerging economies, where the private sector contributes significantly to employment, productivity, and growth. Previous studies have examined determinants such as regulatory environments, managerial practices, financial access, market competition, and gender diversity; however, these factors are often analyzed independently. This fragmented perspective limits understanding of how internal capabilities interact with external institutional conditions to shape firm outcomes. This study investigates the combined effects of regulatory burdens, managerial practices, financial access, market competition, and gender inclusion on firm performance across five South Asian economies: Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and India. The analysis is guided by an integrated framework combining the Resource-Based View, Institutional Theory, and Contingency Theory. Firm performance is measured using five indicators: real annual sales growth, employment growth, labor productivity growth, fixed asset investment, and capacity utilization. Using firm-level data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, regression models with country fixed effects and multiple imputation for missing data are applied. The results show that regulatory burdens negatively affect firm performance, while structured managerial practices enhance productivity and investment. Financial access and market competition exhibit mixed effects, and gender inclusion shows limited influence across performance indicators.
Keywords:
firm performance
regulatory constraints
management practices
institutional barriers
competition dynamics
L25
D22
K20
M12
O43
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