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Reliability and sustainability of offshore wind turbine support structures in marine environments: a comprehensive review of failures; monitoring technologies; robotics; and predictive O&M
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DOI：10.3389/fmars.2026.1887598.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Offshore wind turbine support structures are increasingly required to operate in deeper and more demanding marine environments; where cyclic loading; hydrodynamic forcing; corrosion; scour; soil-structure interaction; and limited long-term monitoring continue to challenge structural reliability and lifecycle performance. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the reliability; degradation mechanisms; and maintenance needs of major offshore wind support-structure concepts; including monopiles; jackets; gravity-based foundations; tripods; hybrid fixed-bottom systems; spars; semi-submersibles; and tension-leg platforms. The study integrates findings from global field observations; reported failure cases; industrial practice; and recent advances in structural health monitoring; digital twins; robotics-assisted inspection; and AI-supported predictive operation and maintenance. Particular emphasis is placed on how marine environmental conditions and offshore loading processes influence structural response; fatigue behavior; corrosion-scour progression; and maintenance demand across fixed and floating systems. The review also identifies key gaps in long-term field validation; unified reliability assessment; and integrated monitoring-to-maintenance frameworks. By combining structural; operational; and marine-environment perspectives; this paper provides a consolidated reference for improving the durability; safety; and sustainability of offshore wind support structures within the broader context of marine renewable energy development.
Keywords:
predictive maintenance
structural health monitoring
marine renewable energy
marine structural reliability
offshore wind turbine support structures
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