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Revisiting free space fragmentation: A new garbage collection scheme for F2FS
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DOI：10.1016/j.future.2026.108751.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Flash Friendly File System (F2FS) is a log-structured file system (LFS) optimized for Flash memory characteristics and is widely deployed on mobile devices, embedded systems, and some Linux platforms that use NAND Flash. File fragmentation and free space fragmentation both affect the performance of F2FS. In this work, we investigate the performance impact of fragmentation through energy consumption characterization. Our measurements indicate that energy consumption increases with the number of file and free space fragments, based on experiments evaluating F2FS while serving I/O requests across diverse workload scenarios. While considerable efforts have been devoted to mitigating file fragmentation, comparatively less attention has been paid to understanding and optimizing free space fragmentation, which predominantly arises from the distribution of invalid blocks. We observe that reclaiming invalid blocks via background garbage collection (GC) incurs over 100 mJ of energy per invocation, yet yields only marginal reductions in free space fragmentation. This motivates us to improve GC effectiveness in reducing free space fragmentation.
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