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Safety-oriented passenger flow control at a congested metro hub: A microscopic approach
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DOI：10.1016/j.aap.2025.108390.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Massive passenger influxes at a metro hub pose significant risks. While previous studies have primarily focused on service-oriented passenger flow control from a macroscopic perspective, they have lacked detailed mechanisms to mitigate crowd-related risks from a microscopic viewpoint. To address this gap, this study develops a safety-oriented passenger flow control method based on a comprehensive microscopic pedestrian simulation model for metro hubs. The simulation model operates on two levels: the tactical level, which determines route choices for each pedestrian, and the operational level, which models pedestrian movement using the Social Force Model (SFM). We then introduce a dynamic entry ticket gate service time delay strategy to regulate pedestrian flow and mitigate crowding risks. The strategy leverages Model Predictive Control (MPC) integrated with a Kalman filter to enable real-time decision-making in a stochastic environment. The MPC's predictive model is a linear representation derived from input-output data generated by our simulation. The control objective, defined as crowd danger, represents the state-of-the-art understanding of pedestrian dynamics. Computational experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in stabilizing the crowd danger metric around a predefined target level. Furthermore, the results reveal two important management insights: (1) Increasing the crowd danger reference value intensifies fluctuations in crowd behavior, as shown by our control performance analysis and correlation analysis, highlighting the need for a lower reference value to maintain stable control. (2) While this study focuses on crowd safety in the station hall, the proposed approach also improves platform service levels under various train headways and passenger densities in carriages. Thus, this safety-oriented strategy can be integrated into broader passenger flow management efforts to enhance both safety and service efficiency.
Keywords:
Passenger flow control
Pedestrian microscopic simulation
Pedestrian dynamics
Crowd danger
System identification
Model predictive control (MPC)
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