SD-RSIC: Summarization-Driven Deep Remote Sensing Image Captioning

doi:10.1109/TGRS.2020.3031111

2021-08-01

Gencer Sumbül

Sonali Nayak

Begüm Demir *

DOI：10.1109/TGRS.2020.3031111

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摘要

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Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been recently found popular for image captioning problems in remote sensing (RS). Existing DNN-based approaches rely on the availability of a training set made up of a high number of RS images with their captions. However, captions of training images may contain redundant information (they can be repetitive or semantically similar to each other), resulting in information deficiency while learning a mapping from the image domain to the language domain. To overcome this limitation, in this article, we present a novel summarization-driven RS image captioning (SD-RSIC) approach. The proposed approach consists of three main steps. The first step obtains the standard image captions by jointly exploiting convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The second step, unlike the existing RS image captioning methods, summarizes the ground-truth captions of each training image into a single caption by exploiting sequence to sequence neural networks and eliminates the redundancy present in the training set. The third step automatically defines the adaptive weights associated with each RS image to combine the standard captions with the summarized captions based on the semantic content of the image. This is achieved by a novel adaptive weighting strategy defined in the context of LSTM networks. Experimental results obtained on the RSCID, UCM-Captions, and Sydney-Captions data sets show the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared with the state-of-the-art RS image captioning approaches. The code of the proposed approach is publicly available at https://gitlab.tubit.tu-berlin.de/rsim/SD-RSIC.

Keyword:

Training

Standards

Semantics

Feature extraction

Remote sensing

Neural networks

Task analysis

Caption summarization

deep learning

image captioning

remote sensing (RS)