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Selenium biofortification and LED management in controlled-environment agriculture: advances, synergies and future
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DOI：10.1079/ejhs.2026.0006.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Micronutrient malnutrition, particularly selenium (Se) deficiency, remains a major challenge. Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) and totally controlled environment agriculture (TCEA) systems offer innovative platforms for resource-efficient food production and nutritional enhancement through precise environmental regulation. Among the available agronomic strategies, Se biofortification has proven to be highly effective in improving the Se-related nutritional and functional quality of vegetables and herbs. Concurrently, light-emitting diode (LED) technologies facilitate the dynamic control of spectral quality, intensity and photoperiod to optimize photosynthesis and secondary metabolism. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the combined effects of Se biofortification and LED spectral management on plant physiology, mineral nutrition and bioactive compound accumulation. Research indicates that appropriate Se concentrations, typically in the micromolar range, enhance antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid content and stress tolerance, whereas excessive Se levels induce phytotoxic responses. LED light spectra, particularly the red-to-blue ratio, have been shown to regulate Se concentration, translocation and nitrate metabolism, thereby influencing both growth and nutritional quality. The integration of Se biofortification with optimized lighting regimes enhances crop yield stability, resource-use efficiency and Se-driven nutritional attributes in hydroponic systems, microgreens and baby-leaf vegetables. Despite these advancements, substantial knowledge gaps persist regarding Se speciation, metabolic regulation under different light spectra and post-harvest bioavailability. Future research should integrate omics technologies, high-resolution analytics and dynamic light modelling to elucidate Se-light interactions at the molecular and physiological levels. This integration represents a decisive step towards reproducible and economically viable Se biofortification protocols applicable to next-generation indoor farming.
Keywords:
micronutrient metabolism
antioxidant pathways
light spectrumoptimisation
nutritional enhancement
secondary metabolites
hydroponic systems
plant photobiology
speciation analysis
functional foods
vertical farming
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