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Spatiotemporal dynamics of urban park accessibility and demand–accessibility relationships in central Kunming: perspectives from multiple travel modes and dual-scale analysis
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DOI：10.3389/ffgc.2026.1869240.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
IntroductionUnder rapid urbanization; the misalignment between urban park accessibility and population demand has intensified concerns about environmental equity. However; few studies have examined the long-term spatiotemporal dynamics of urban park accessibility and population demand while accounting for multiple travel modes and spatial scales.MethodsTaking central Kunming as a case study; this research integrated multi-source spatiotemporal data from 2010 to 2025. Dual-scale spatial analysis was conducted at both grid and subdistrict levels; and the three-step floating catchment area (3SFCA) method was applied to assess urban park accessibility under different travel modes. Based on these results; the study further examined accessibility inequality; spatial associations between population and accessibility; direct mismatch patterns; and the coupling trajectories between accessibility growth and population growth over time.ResultsThe number of urban parks increased from 79 in 2010 to 254 in 2025; representing an increase of 221.5%; while the total park area expanded from 2; 501 ha to 4; 467 ha. Over the 15-year period; accessibility growth outpaced population growth in 58.49; 60.38; and 56.60% of all subdistricts under walking; e-biking; and driving modes; respectively; although localized accessibility-deficit areas shifted geographically over time. In older urban areas such as Wuhua and Panlong; overall accessibility remained relatively low; but its distribution exhibited greater equity; partly due to the high density of pocket parks. By contrast; Guandu District and the surrounding urban–rural transition zones emerged as persistent areas of high population demand and localized accessibility deficits. Travel mode substantially influenced accessibility and equity patterns. Driving provided the broadest accessibility coverage; but higher mobility did not consistently correspond to fewer high-demand–low-accessibility areas. E-biking showed clear advantages in reducing such spatial mismatches in densely populated areas.ConclusionThis study supports more refined and equitable urban park planning by integrating multimodal accessibility assessment with dual-scale analysis. It helps identify priority areas and guide targeted spatial interventions. Future urban park planning should move beyond aggregate expansion toward demand-responsive allocation that prioritizes accessibility-deficit areas based on actual population distribution and travel-mode conditions.
Keywords:
accessibility
urban park
spatial equity
multimodal travel
three-step floating catchment
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