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Sustainable tetracycline removal using waste derived CaO modified biochar: RSM optimization, machine learning prediction and cost analysis
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DOI：10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109546.png)
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Abstract
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• Chemical-free and green synthesis of CaO and CaO-biochar using eggshell and water hyacinth, respectively. • Machine learning and RSM approaches were applied to predict the tetracycline removal from water. • Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP) showed better prediction (R2 = 0.990) than RF and DT. • Practical viability of CaO-biochar was evaluated by reusability till five cycles (≈62%) and a field sample study.
Keywords:
CaO-biochar
tetracycline removal
machine learning
response surface methodology
sustainable synthesis
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