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Symmetric and Asymmetric Linkage Between Economic Globalization and Environmental Sustainability in Emerging Countries: Fresh Evidence From Non-Linear ARDL Analysis
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DOI：10.1111/1477-8947.70075.png)
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Abstract
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This study presents a comprehensive time-series analysis to examine the impact of economic globalization on environmental sustainability in emerging (E-7) countries from 1970 to 2020. The analyses are mainly performed by linear and nonlinear ARDL estimators to identify specific findings for individual countries. Both test procedures indicate a long-run relation between ecological footprint and economic growth, the quadratic term of economic growth, energy consumption, and economic globalization for 5 out of seven emerging economies: Brazil, India, Indonesia, Russia, and Türkiye. The long-run symmetric and asymmetric ARDL estimations reveal that economic globalization improves the environmental quality in Brazil, Russia, and Türkiye, whereas it reduces the environmental quality in Indonesia. These findings are also supported by the results of the Bayer-Hanck cointegration analysis, which confirmed the robustness of the long-run outcomes. For India, only an asymmetrical relationship could be determined. NARDL test results indicate that positive and negative components of economic globalization have decreasing and increasing impacts on the ecological footprint in this country, respectively. The study also detects that the EKC hypothesis is only valid for Türkiye both in a symmetric and asymmetric manner. Finally, the study employs the bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto test procedure and confirms results that align with the long-term estimations in Brazil, Russia, and Türkiye.
Keywords:
ecological footprint
economic globalization
EKC hypothesis
emerging countries
nonlinear ARDL
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