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Synergistic Janus nanocarrier enables high-deposition fungicide emulsion delivery for enhanced and sustainable control of wheat crown rot
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DOI：10.1016/j.jare.2026.08.024.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
• Feasibility of Solid Emulsifiers: Eco-friendly amphiphilic PEG@PDA@CaP Janus nanoparticles can act as surfactants to stabilize emulsions for long periods, exhibiting the characteristics of polymeric surfactants. Compared to the Pickering emulsion prepared with isotropic nanoparticles, the PEG@PDA@CaP Janus nanoparticles can form smaller and more uniformly spherical oil droplets. They effectively reduce the surface tension of the formulation and the contact angle on target leaf surfaces, promoting the wetting and spreading of pesticide solutions on leaves, reducing the use of toxic surfactants, and are simple to prepare and amenable to large-scale production. • Excellent foliar deposition and adhesion: The system addresses issues such as low deposition efficiency at target interfaces and environmental leaching under weather conditions in conventional pesticide formulations. Combining Density Functional Thoery (DFT), high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS), SEM, as well as other interface behavior experiments were carried out to reveal the efficient deposition mechanism: Strong hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl and amino groups of PEG@PDA@CaP and the carboxyl oxygens on the leaf surface (E = − 64.24 kcal/mol) further enhances the adhesion of the formulation to the leaf. Compared to commercial formulations, DIF-PE exhibited a 79.73% increase in leaf surface deposition and a 63.84% improvement in rainfastness. It offers economic advantages and ecological benefits. • Efficient in vivo transport performance: The transport of active molecules within plants is limited by factors such as their physicochemical properties and concentration. One hour after application, the penetration amount of DIF-PE on wheat leaves was 2.8-fold than in control, and after 24 h, it was 1.69-fold. Moreover, at 24 h post-treatment, root and stem difenoconazole concentrations in treated plants were 6.95-fold and 2.34-fold higher than in control, resulting in significantly increased accumulation at the stem base. This formulation addresses the issue of efficiently delivering active ingredients to the base of the stem using leaf spraying methods. • Exceptional fungicidal efficacy: This system’s efficient foliar deposition and internal translocation markedly enhance drug accumulation at pathogen-infected sites, thereby achieving highly effective disease control while reducing application rates and improving efficacy. Ultimately, DIF-PE improved Wheat Crown Rot control efficacy by 19.15%. And toxicological experiments have shown that it has higher biosafety compared to the control group. This system achieves reduced drug application with enhanced efficacy and reduces the amount of nanocarriers used, offering economic and environmental benefits.
Keywords:
Janus nanoparticles
Multifunctional formulation
Interfacial interaction
Nanopesticides
Efficient delivery
Wheat crown rot
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