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Synergistic modification of boron powders for energetic materials: A review of preparation strategies, combustion performance and mechanisms
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DOI：10.1016/j.dt.2026.07.008.png)
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Abstract
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Boron (B) is a highly promising metal fuel in energetic materials (EMs) due to its exceptional gravimetric and volumetric heat of combustion. However, its application is hindered by delayed ignition and incomplete combustion, primarily caused by the formation of a dense B2O3 layer on its surface. To address these limitations, multi-component modification using two or more complementary modifiers has been widely explored to enhance the ignition and combustion performance of B. Herein, the recent advances in the preparation, characterization, and performance enhancement of synergistically modified B powders are summarized. Various preparation techniques including mechanical mixing, solution-based methods, electrostatic approaches, and emerging technologies are introduced and compared. The effects of synergistic modifiers on thermal behavior, ignition characteristics, combustion kinetics, flame development, pressure output, and condensed combustion products are discussed. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of synergistic modification of B are analyzed, emphasizing fluorination, catalytic activity, oxide layer removal, gas release, and thermal coupling. In representative studies where matched single-modifier controls are reported under identical test conditions, layered or hierarchical multi-component architectures often outperform both unmodified B and the corresponding single-modifier systems in ignition delay, flame propagation, and combustion completeness. This review provides insights and guidance for designing advanced B-based EMs with improved energy release performance and practical applicability in propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics.
Keywords:
Energetic materials
Boron
Synergistic modification
Ignition and combustion
Mechanism
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