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Synthesis; characterization; and adsorptive removal of methyl blue using combustion-synthesized Al4B2O9 and Al5BO9
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DOI：10.1039/D6RA01929C.png)
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Abstract
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This study investigates the removal process of methyl blue (MeB); an anionic dye; using synthesized Al4B2O9 and Al5BO9 as adsorbent materials. Al4B2O9 and Al5BO9 were synthesized via the combustion method. The structural; morphological; textural; thermal and surface–charge properties of the synthesized borate materials were evaluated using FTIR; XRD; SEM; BET; TGA; and zeta potential measurements. The adsorption behavior of Al4B2O9 and Al5BO9 was assessed by varying solution pH; contact duration; initial MeB concentration; adsorbent loading; and temperature. Kinetic; equilibrium; and thermodynamic analyses were carried out to clarify the adsorption behavior and possible interaction pathways between MeB and the synthesized borate surfaces. Kinetic modeling showed that the PSO equation most accurately describes MeB removal by both borate materials; as indicated by the high R2 values. The thermodynamic parameters showed that MeB adsorption was favored by increasing temperature and proceeded spontaneously; as confirmed by the positive ΔH° and negative ΔG° values; respectively (Al4B2O9: ΔH = 16.827 kJ mol; Al5BO9: ΔH = 17.130 kJ mol−1). The positive ΔS° values indicate that the adsorption process was accompanied by increased interfacial disorder during the transfer of MeB molecules from solution to the borate surface (Al4B2O9: ΔS = 80.222 J (mol−1 K−1); Al5BO9: ΔS = 82.940 J (mol−1 K−1)). Equilibrium modeling indicated that the Freundlich equation more suitably described MeB uptake by both Al4B2O9 and Al5BO9; suggesting adsorption on heterogeneous surface sites. According to the Freundlich model; the KF values were determined as 21.146 for Al4B2O9 and 27.072 for Al5BO9. Although the Freundlich model provided the best fit; the Langmuir model was used to estimate the maximum monolayer adsorption capacities; which were calculated as 70.547 mg g−1 for Al4B2O9 and 105.785 mg g−1 for Al5BO9. Overall; the results demonstrate the potential of combustion-derived Al4B2O9 and Al5BO9 as inorganic borate adsorbents for removing anionic MeB from aqueous media.
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