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Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering paving the way for sustainable next-gen biofuels: a comprehensive review
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DOI：10.1039/D5YA00118H.png)
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Abstract
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Biofuels are pivotal in transitioning to sustainable energy systems; offering renewable alternatives to fossil fuels with reduced emissions. This review examines the evolution of biofuel production; contrasting first-generation biofuels derived from food crops with second-generation biofuels from non-food lignocellulosic feedstock. This review evaluates social and environmental impacts; with a focus on land use; energy efficiency; and scalability. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have revolutionized biofuel production by optimizing microorganisms like bacteria; yeast; and algae for enhanced substrate processing and industrial resilience. Key enzymes; such as cellulases; hemicellulases; and ligninases; facilitate the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars. CRISPR-Cas systems enable precise genome editing; while de novo pathway engineering produces advanced biofuels such as butanol; isoprenoids; and jet fuel analogs; boasting superior energy density and compatibility with existing infrastructure. Notable achievements include 91% biodiesel conversion efficiency from lipids and a 3-fold butanol yield increase in engineered Clostridium spp.; alongside ∼85% xylose-to-ethanol conversion in S. cerevisiae. However; commercial scalability is hindered by biomass recalcitrance; limited yields; and economic challenges. Emerging strategies; including consolidated bioprocessing; adaptive laboratory evolution; and AI-driven strain optimization; address these barriers. This review also explores biofuel integration within circular economy frameworks; emphasizing waste recycling and carbon-neutral operations. Multidisciplinary research is essential to enhance economic viability and environmental sustainability; ensuring biofuels play a central role in global renewable energy systems.
Keywords:
biofuels
lignocellulosic biomass
synthetic biology
metabolic engineering
circular economy
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