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Temperature effects on hard carbon derived from bio-frass as anode materials for Sodium ion batteries
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DOI：10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114069.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The development of cost-effective and sustainable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) requires optimized hard carbon (HC) anodes. This study investigates honeycomb-like porous carbons derived from black soldier fly (BSF) frass, an abundant biomass waste, calcinated from 800 degrees C to 1400 degrees C. Among the samples, BSF-1200 exhibited the best electrochemical performance. Structural characterization (SEM, HRTEM) showed that BSF-1200 possesses a highly porous, sponge-like architecture that enhances electrolyte penetration and ion transport. Electrochemical tests revealed that BSF-1200 delivers a reversible capacity of 215.1 mAh g- 1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g- 1, along with an initial Coulombic efficiency of 68.26 %, low charge-transfer resistance, a high Na+ diffusion coefficient, and excellent rate capability. These improvements arise from its hierarchical porous structure, which facilitates efficient sodium storage. This work demonstrates a sustainable, low-cost approach for producing highperformance carbon anodes from insect-derived biomass. It offers valuable guidance for designing porous carbons for next-generation SIBs.
Keywords:
Na-ion batteries
Hard carbon
Black soldier fly
Anode
Energy storage
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5.7
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1.3W
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2.9W
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