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The effects of phosphorus and fluorine doping on ternesite: Sintering behavior, high-temperature reaction kinetics and hydration properties
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DOI：10.1016/j.cemconres.2026.108345.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Ternesite meets the development needs of contemporary cement industry as a low-carbon emission cement mineral. This study investigates the effects of phosphorus (P) and fluorine (F) doping on the sintering process of ternesite, revealing the kinetic mechanisms of its formation and decomposition, and exploring the regulatory role of doping on hydration behavior. The results indicated that P and F doping lowered the formation temperature of ternesite, while P doping also improved its thermal stability. The highest content of ternesite in P and F doped samples was achieved at 1150 °C for 8–12 h (90.15% and 91.35%), while the undoped samples (86.6%) was at 1200 °C for 8 h. Doping did not significantly alter the morphology of ternesite, only affected the grain size. The kinetic analysis showed that the initial formation of ternesite was influenced by diffusion control and interface chemical reaction control, while the middle and later stages and decomposition processes were dominated by diffusion control. Among them, the formation process involved the migration and diffusion of Ca2+ and SO42− through the intermediate region towards the center of SiO2 particles, while the decomposition reaction was mainly controlled by the growth of C2S and the diffusion rate of Ca2+. Ternesite had potential hydration activity, but P and F doping inhibited early activity. It was worth noting that the higher chemically combined water content in the middle and later stages of P-doped samples reflected significant hydration potential, with a paste compressive strength of 16.6 MPa at 180 d. The study of the reaction mechanism and kinetics of the ternesite minerals can provide guidance for the production and application of low-carbon cement.
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