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The Introduction
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DOI：10.1080/13507486.2026.2641486.png)
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Abstract
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The article cluster reinterprets the late Habsburg civil procedure reforms-centered on Austria's Code of Civil Procedure (ZPO, 1895/ 98) and its companion acts-as a project of social citizenship. Building on Franz Klein's vision of short, affordable, and fair civil litigation, the studies situate the ZPO within a broader administrative and political architecture shaped by expert committees, ministerial strategy, and coalition-building, highlighting both its socially inclusive aspirations and its governance from above. Drawing on the Habsburg monarchy's rich official court statistics, the contributions also analyze how civil justice after the reform was mobilized across regions and social groups, linking legal behavior to macroeconomic cycles, everyday credit practices, and institutional frameworks. Taken together, the findings indicate that access to civil justice expanded highly unevenly in the decades before the outbreak of World War I. Regional disparities in economic resources and sociocultural specificities shaped the egalitarian promise of procedural reform to a large extent. The cluster calls for further quantified analysis, combined with targeted archival case studies to what extent and where procedural inclusivity translated into equitable outcomes for less affluent and mobile populations in the late Habsburg monarchy.
Keywords:
Cicil litigation
Habsburg monarchy
procedural reforms
uses of civil justice
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