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The mechanism of wave amplification in a dense particle bed under periodic shock-wave loading
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DOI：10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2026.105709.png)
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Abstract
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The problem of shock-wave interaction with a dense granular bed on an impermeable surface is a canonical one in the study of high-speed two-phase flows arising in explosion safety, the operation of aerospace systems, oil and gas industry applications, and related fields. Recently, experimental studies (Akhmetov et al., 2022) revealed a wave amplification effect inside a granular bed subjected to periodic air shock-wave loading. The present work investigates possible mechanisms underlying this effect. A two-phase compressible Baer-Nunziato-type model was employed. The numerical approach was based on a Godunov-type method. Four different pressure relaxation models were considered to address hypotheses regarding the bed behavior under shock-wave impact: a model without intergranular stress, a reversible compaction model, and two irreversible compaction models with different treatments of the unloading stage. It was found, first, that wave amplification inside the bed can be attributed to intergranular stress effects in the particle phase. Second, the pressure histories recorded by transducers within the bed are most consistent with experimental observations when an irreversible compaction model following the approach of (Gough and Zwarts, 1979) is used. A typical scenario obtained indicates that pressure peaks result from the interaction of a subsequent gas-phase pressure pulse with a bed compacted by the preceding pulse, such that the region closer to the free surface is compacted less than the region adjacent to the rigid wall.
Keywords:
Particle bed
Shock wave
Intergranular stresses
Irreversible compaction
Baer-Nunziato equations
Pressure relaxation
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