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The role of effective pressure on fracture and failure mode mechanisms in freeze-thaw damaged rocks
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DOI：10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104969.png)
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Abstract
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• Improved freeze-thaw grain-based DEM coupled with triaxial loading and AE. • Freeze-thaw cycles reduce strength and promote brittle ductile transition. • Confinement localizes cracks and shifts tensile to shear failure. • C-type AE events precede macroscopic shear fracture. • Three-stage freeze-thaw damage framework is validated.
Keywords:
Freeze-Thaw damage
Modeling rock deformation laboratory experiments
Effective pressure and failure modes
Physical properties evolution
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