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Therapeutic exosomes in cancer: efficacy and safety perspectives
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DOI：10.1039/D6RA00373G.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are essential signalling mediators within biological systems; playing a vital role in cell-to-cell communication. In cancer research; exosomes (a subpopulation of EVs that originate from endosomes) have become the most highlighted area of study in the current decade. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) participate in tumor development and cancer progression. They regulate tumor cell growth; immune suppression; angiogenesis; metastasis; epithelial–mesenchymal transition and organ-specific metastasis. The molecular signatures of exosomes; including DNA; RNA; proteins; and lipids; play a crucial role in cancer development and hold significantly promising biomarkers for cancer. Beyond their pathological role; EVs offer a cell-free platform for the development of therapeutic methods for cancer. This phenomenon is having a huge impact compared to cell-based therapy by overcoming several limitations; such as toxicity; high cost; and effectiveness. Multiple therapeutic exosome sources are available; including stem cell-derived exosomes; plant-derived exosomes; immune cell-derived exosomes; and modified exosomes. Compared with conventional cell-based therapies; exosome-based strategies present several advantages; including reduced toxicity; biocompatibility; improved stability; and specificity. Multiple therapeutic exosomes sources are available; including stem cell-derived exosomes; plant cell-derived exosomes; immune cell-derived exosomes; milk-derived exosomes; bacteria-derived exosomes; and modified/engineered exosomes. The therapeutic impact of these exosomes is strongly influenced by multiple factors; such as their cellular origin; heterogeneity; inner cargos; surface charge; surface composition and physicochemical properties. This review discusses the current limitations; key challenges and future perspectives related to exosome-based therapeutics with particular emphasis on the comparative and translational potential of different exosome sources.
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