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Thermal-hydraulic performance of gradient triply periodic minimal surface heat sinks: A combined experimental and numerical study
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DOI：10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.111029.png)
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Abstract
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This study investigates the enhancement of convective heat transfer in gradient triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures by proposing a novel gradient structural control approach based on the narrow-tube effect. Following experimental validation, numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the thermal-hydraulic performance of gradient TPMS structures under various control functions. The P-Linear63 exhibits the highest convective heat transfer coefficient, measuring 2852 W/(m2.K) at 5 m/s, and achieves the best temperature uniformity, followed by P-Sin363, which achieves a highest Nusselt number of 419.9. Velocity and vorticity analyses reveal that heat transfer enhancement results from the narrow-tube effect and increased vortex generation, accelerating flow velocity from 3 m/s to 13.795 m/s and elevating turbulent kinetic energy k and turbulent dissipation rate epsilon. Although the gradient design leads to increased pressure drop, pumping power, and friction factor, the performance evaluation criterion (PEC) of the P-Sin363 heat sink exceeds 1 relative to both the conventional finned and uniform primitive heat sinks. This demonstrates an effective trade-off between enhanced heat transfer and mitigated pressure drop.
Keywords:
Triply periodic minimal surface
Heat sink
Computational fluid dynamics
Laser powder bed fusion
Heat transfer performance
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