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Ultra-Flat Gain Profile With Raman Amplification Employing Combined Coherent and Incoherent Pumps
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DOI：10.1109/jlt.2026.3696771.png)
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Abstract
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Distributed Raman amplification is essential for enhancing capacity in wideband optical networks; yet achieving an ultra-flat gain profile remains a significant design challenge. This work presents a validated numerical model incorporating both coherent pump and spectrally broad incoherent pump sources. Model accuracy was rigorously confirmed by demonstrating excellent agreement (average deviation <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$< 0.1\;\text{ dB}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) between simulation and experiment across various forward, backward, and multi-directional pumping schemes. Leveraging this validated model, we employed an improved simplex optimization algorithm to target ultra-flat amplification across <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$95\; \text{ nm}$</tex-math></inline-formula> C+L bands in a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$40 \text{ km}$</tex-math></inline-formula> fiber. By implementing a hybrid nine-pump scheme (four first-order incoherent and five second-order coherent pumps) to meet practical power limits, we achieved an unprecedented peak-to-peak gain flatness of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\leq 0.04$</tex-math></inline-formula> dB over the 95nm bandwidth, with a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\leq 0.01\text{ dB}$</tex-math></inline-formula> standard deviation at different target gain values of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10\text{ dB}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$9\text{ dB}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8\text{ dB}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Furthermore, we demonstrate the versatility of the system in generating arbitrary gain profiles with high precision. The best performing scheme was thoroughly tested by a Monte Carlo-based stability investigation, resulting in <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\leq 0.04\text{ dB}$</tex-math></inline-formula> standard deviation of gain for practical power and wavelength variations. This result confirms the superior capability of optimally configured hybrid incoherent/coherent pumping for minimizing gain ripple and enabling reconfigurable gain shaping in future high-capacity WDM systems.
Keywords:
Gain
nonlinearity
optical fiber
Raman amplification
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