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Ultrafast microwave-synthesized robust Zr-NDC MOF for selective dye removal
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DOI：10.1016/j.psep.2026.109405.png)
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Abstract
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The relentless contamination of water resources by recalcitrant organic dyes necessitates the rational design of efficient adsorbents. Herein, a naphthalene dicarboxylate-based zirconium metal–organic framework (Zr-NDC MOF) was constructed via an ultrafast microwave method, reaching full crystallization within 3 min as octahedral nanoparticles (∼150 nm) with well-defined porosity. Adsorption experiments reveal a pronounced charge-mediated selectivity, with the cationic safranin T (ST) exhibiting a saturation capacity of 130 mg·g⁻¹ , markedly exceeding that of the anionic methyl orange (MO, 90 mg·g⁻¹) at 30 °C and pH 5. This electrostatic preference is amplified at low concentrations, where ST is quantitatively sequestered (100% removal) versus 90% for MO. Kinetic traces conformed to a pseudo-second-order model with exceptional fidelity (R² > 0.999). XPS signatures verified a chemisorption-governed process arising from synergistic electrostatic and π-stacking interactions with the naphthalene backbone. Thermal analysis revealed a three-stage decomposition profile isomorphic to that of UiO-66, confirming outstanding thermal stability. Crucially, the framework retained full crystallinity after prolonged exposure to strongly alkaline media. Over five cycles, ≥ 90% removal efficiency was retained for both dyes. The marginal capacity fade was attributed to incomplete desorption rather than structural deterioration, confirming the intrinsic reversibility of the binding sites. The convergence of sub-minute synthesis, charge-governed molecular sieving, and alkaline-enabled switchable regeneration positions Zr-NDC MOF as a programmable adsorbent platform for energy-efficient, next-generation wastewater remediation.
Keywords:
ZrNDC-MOFs
Hazardous dye removal
Ultrafast
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