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Ultrasonic methods as pretreatments for enzymatic hydrolysis of apple pomace
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DOI：10.1007/s13399-026-07235-2.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Lignocellulosic biomass, composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, reaches about 220 million tons annually worldwide and has significant potential for renewable energy generation when recycled. Pretreatments are essential for improving the efficiency of biomass conversion into fermentable sugars. The use of ultrasound, for example, is an effective method that deconstructs the biomass, facilitating enzymatic hydrolysis. Apple pomace, a byproduct of the juice industry that accounts for about 30% of the total volume of apples processed, is rich in carbohydrates that can be converted into reducing sugars (RS). This study evaluated different pretreatments of apple pomace using either a probe or ultrasonic bath (exposure times of 30 or 60 min) to determine the optimal conditions for RS release during enzymatic hydrolysis. The effects of solid load, pulse number, and probe ultrasonic pretreatment time were assessed through experimental design, as well as the solid load, power, and time of the ultrasonic bath. Different enzymes (pectinase, cellulase, and hemicellulase) were evaluated for enzymatic hydrolysis after pretreatments. The results showed that the ultrasonic bath for 30 min with low power (30W) and low temperature (30 °C) was the most effective as pretreatment to enzymatic hydrolysis, especially with pectinase, which showed a hydrolysis efficiency of 85.06%, and cellulase, with an efficiency of 66.27%. The study demonstrates advancements in the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis after ultrasound pretreatment. Furthermore, it suggests that similar methods could be applied to different types of biomasses and investigated for scalability in industry.
Keywords:
Pretreatments
Ultrasound
Pectinases
Cellulases
Hemicellulases
Apple pomace
Reducing sugars
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