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Unveiling the potential of low-strain nanoporous Li0.33La0.55TiO3 nanofibers as a promising anode for Li-ion batteries: exploring the influence of carbon additives and binders
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DOI：10.1039/D5YA00211G.png)
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Abstract
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Low-strain intercalation-type anodes are crucial for developing efficient; long-lasting; safe; and reliable lithium-ion batteries. Li0.33La0.55TiO3 (LLTO) is one such anode gaining popularity; nevertheless; its preparation often involves long-term; high-temperature procedures. In this work; LLTO nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning at different calcination temperatures (700 °C; 800 °C; and 900 °C) and compared with LLTO nanoparticles obtained by a sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic measurements revealed the presence of LLTO and electrochemically active La2Ti2O7 and Li2TiO3 phases in the nanofibers. The interconnected LLTO nanoparticles form a porous structure within the fiber; which enhances the Li-ion (de)intercalation kinetics. Among the prepared samples; the LLTO nanofibers prepared at 800 °C exhibit better electrochemical properties than other variants; combining the conventional binder (PVDF) and carbon additives (carbon black). Furthermore; LLTO NFs calcined at 800 °C with the combination of Ketjenblack and sodium alginate (LLKS) provide a higher discharge capacity of 317 mAh g−1 than the Ketjenblack and PVDF (LLKB) (180 mAh g−1) and conventional carbon black and PVDF (LLCP) (263 mAh g−1) combinations at 0.1 A g−1 due to their low polarization and slightly increased pseudocapacitive contribution. Moreover; the carbon additive of Ketjenblack and the water-soluble sodium alginate binder improved the ionic conductivity; electrochemical activity; and reversibility. The diffusion kinetics of this electrode were examined using the GITT and EIS techniques; revealing a lower reaction resistance (0.85 Ohm g) and higher diffusion coefficient (∼10−6 cm2 s−1). Ex situ XRD indicated that the unit cell volumes of the cycled LLCP; LLKP; and LLKS electrodes are comparable to those of the as-prepared LLTO nanofibers; with less than 1% volume expansion even after 1000 cycles; substantiating the strain-free nature and stability of the LLTO nanofibers.
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