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Work–Residence Mismatch Drives Air Pollution Disparities Across Urban–Rural China
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DOI：10.1029/2025EF007755.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Across the globe, spatial mismatches between work and residence reshape human mobility and influence regional air quality, yet their effects across urban–rural systems remain poorly quantified. China's ongoing urbanization and rural revitalization underscore the urgent need to understand these dynamics. Here, using multi-source geospatial data, we conduct a nationwide analysis across China to assess how work–residence mismatches within and between urban and rural areas affect air pollution, accounting for seasonal variation. We find that overall, urban, and rural mismatch degrees follow an inverted-U trend with city tier, with disparities between urban and rural degrees of mismatch intensifying within lower tiers. We show that increased mismatch aggravates pollution, particularly in rural regions, higher-tier cities, and during winter. Furthermore, we identify six distinct urban–rural synergy patterns of spatial mismatch, each associated with varying pollution levels that eventually decline after peaking. Seasonal effects, especially in winter, exacerbate these disparities. Our results emphasize the need to incorporate rural planning into air quality strategies and to adopt seasonally and contextually tailored policies.
Keywords:
work-residence mismatch
air pollution
urban-rural systems
diverse responses
China
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