360° Virtual Reality Observation in Neurosurgical Clerkship: A Comparative Study With Surgical Assistant Participation and Conventional Monitor Viewing

Tatsuya Tanaka

doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104055

360° Virtual Reality Observation in Neurosurgical Clerkship: A Comparative Study With Surgical Assistant Participation and Conventional Monitor Viewing

2026-06-27

0

PRE

AI

T

Tatsuya Tanaka *

E

Eiichi Suehiro

A

Anh Tran Hue

R

Ryosuke Doi

S

Shunsuke Hatakenaka

J

Junpei Kato

T

Tomihiro Wakamiya

K

Kimihiro Nakahara

T

Takashi Agari

M

Masahiro Indo

T

Takashi Sugawara

H

Hiroshi Itokawa

K

Kazuaki Shimoji

K

Keisuke Onoda

A

Akira Matsuno

DOI：10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104055

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Abstract

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• Real-time 360° virtual reality enables immersive observation of live neurosurgical procedures. • Immersion during virtual reality (VR) observation was comparable to surgical assistant participation and significantly higher than conventional 2D monitor observation. • Direct participation as a surgical assistant produced the greatest increase in interest in neurosurgery. • VR observation was well tolerated, with only mild physical discomfort reported. • VR observation may serve as an educational bridge when operating room participation is limited.

360° Virtual Reality Observation in Neurosurgical Clerkship: A Comparative Study With Surgical Assistant Participation and Conventional Monitor Viewing

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