3D-TCM-Driven Bit-Level Image Encryption via S-Box Feedback Algorithm

doi:10.3390/e28050535

3D-TCM-Driven Bit-Level Image Encryption via S-Box Feedback Algorithm

2026-05-08

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DOI：10.3390/e28050535

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Most existing low-dimensional chaotic maps suffer from a limited dynamical complexity and dynamic degradation, which restrict their effectiveness in image encryption. To address this issue, a novel three-dimensional chaotic map (3D-TCM) was constructed to improve dynamical complexity and stability, and its superiority was verified through a dynamical analysis. Based on these advantages, a plaintext-related image encryption scheme was designed by combining bit-level permutation and S-box-based diffusion. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieved high information entropy, a low pixel correlation, and desirable NPCR and UACI values, and successfully passed NIST SP800-22 statistical tests, demonstrating a strong resistance to differential attacks and overall robustness.

Keywords:

chaos-based encryption

hyperchaotic system

S-box construction

secure image encryption

3D-TCM-Driven Bit-Level Image Encryption via S-Box Feedback Algorithm

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