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A COMMON LANGUAGE EFFECT SIZE STATISTIC
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DOI：10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.361.png)
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Abstract
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Some of the shortcomings in interpretability and generalizability of the effect size statistics currently available to researchers can be overcome by a statistic that expresses how often a score sampled from one distribution will be greater than a score sampled from another distribution. The statistic, the common language effect size indicator, is easily calculated from sample means and variances (or from proportions in the case of nominal-level data). It can be used for expressing the effect observed in both independent and related sample designs and in both 2-group and n-group designs. Empirical tests show it to be robust to violations of the normality assumption, particularly when the variances in the 2 parent distributions are equal.
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