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A computational method for optimal triode extraction system of negative hydrogen ion sources
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DOI：10.1016/j.rinp.2026.108714.png)
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Abstract
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• A semi-analytical computational model is developed for triode extraction of H− ion beams. • The paraxial ray equation is solved across multi-region electrostatic structures with space-charge effects. • Beam envelope continuity is ensured using Child–Langmuir boundary conditions and lens-effect coupling. • Key design parameters governing beam divergence are identified through parametric analysis. • The model provides fast and reliable preliminary design capability with validation against IBSimu simulations.
Keywords:
Computationalmethod
Extraction system
Paraxial ray equation
Negative hydrogenion source
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