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A Dendritic ‘All-for-One’ Dyeing Platform for Auxiliary-Free; Low-Carbon; Water-Efficient Dyeing of Leather
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DOI：10.1021/acssuschemeng.6c02362.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The dyeing of leather remains highly resource-intensive, requiring large quantities of salts, water, and auxiliaries that result in poor dye fixation, elevated CO2 emissions, and complex wastewater loads that impede circularity. This study introduces an auxiliary-free, closed-loop processing strategy utilizing PAMAM-G0 dendrimers as a multifunctional molecular platform. The dendritic architecture serves as a universal carrier by employing a trimodal mechanistic pathway: electrostatic bridging for Acid Blue 9, hydrogen-bonding interactions for Madder dye, and lone pair-π interactions that prevent π-π stacking in Safranin O. By disrupting molecular aggregation and electrostatic repulsions through robust noncovalent interactions, the dendrimer ensures superior liquid-phase dispersibility and eliminates the need for traditional leveling agents, mordants, and fixing agents. PAMAM-G0 functions as a carrier, intercalating into the collagen triple helix via hydrogen bonding to facilitate deep-matrix penetration and uniform coloration. This reduces dyeing duration, water consumption, and energy demand by nearly 50%. Crucially, this dendritic medium enables a closed-loop system where the dye bath is directly reused for five subsequent cycles without compromising performance. Quantitative sustainability metrics revealed a carbon avoidance of ∼831 kg CO2 per ton of substrate and a 50% reduction in effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD). By integrating mechanistic insights with quantified green chemistry indicators, this approach provides a scalable pathway for transitioning leather manufacturing into a low-carbon, circular bioeconomy.
Keywords:
Aggregation
Color
Dendrons
Dyes and pigments
Noncovalent interactions
PAMAM-G0
Dendritic Carriers
Sustainable Leather
Circular Chemistry
leather dyeing
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