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A global analysis of key design factors for sustainable payment for ecosystem services schemes
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DOI：10.1016/j.ecoser.2026.101846.png)
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Abstract
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• A large database of 161 global PES cases was compiled and analyzed to identify key design factors. • A co-occurrence map revealed three recurring PES designs aligned with socioeconomic needs. • Low- and high-income countries prioritize different ES and PES designs, but regional aspects are key. • Private business models focus more on cultural services, enhancing economic sustainability in HICs. • The presence of intermediaries is crucial in PES schemes with fragmented or multi-level governance.
Keywords:
PES
PES framework
Effectiveness
PES design factors
Global case studies
Sustainability
Forest ecosystem services
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