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A holistic approach to understanding how openings shape the fire performance and structural response of CLT walls in compartment fires
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DOI：10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104903.png)
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Abstract
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• Investigates the thermo–mechanical response of CLT walls exposed to compartment fires. • Employs a coupled CFD–FEM framework to simulate fire dynamics, heat transfer, and buckling. • Introduces an iterative procedure to account for the contribution of exposed timber to the fire fuel load. • Evaluates the influence of CLT layering and opening geometry on fire–structural performance. • Shows that opening shape and size strongly affect CLT wall performance, with smaller horizontal mid-height openings leading to higher temperatures and greater post-fire buckling capacity loss.
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