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A holistic perspective on noninvasive brain–computer interfaces
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DOI：10.1016/j.tins.2026.04.009.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
From clinical to recreational applications, noninvasive brain–computer interfaces hold promise for addressing diverse needs across a broad range of populations. Although traditionally constrained by low spatial resolution and signal quality, recent advances in noninvasive brain–computer interfaces are beginning to overcome these limitations. Neuromodulation-integrated brain–computer interfaces have shown promise in improving control by amplifying neural signals. Advances in deep neural networks and robotic interfacing have enhanced signal processing capabilities and expanded output translation in brain–computer interface systems. Although fully closed-loop brain–computer interfaces have yet to be realized, they hold significant promise through the integration of deep learning-based decoding, advanced robotic and application interfaces, neuromodulation, and sensory feedback.
Keywords:
noninvasive brain–computer interfaces
neuromodulation
deep neural networks
robotic interfacing
sensory feedback
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