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A Novel Scoring System for Predicting Procedural Difficulty in Supraneural L5 TFESI: The L5 TFESI Difficulty Score (LTDS)
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DOI：10.1111/papr.70163.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Supraneural transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESI) at the L5 level are widely used to manage lumbosacral radiculopathy. However, fluoroscopic barriers such as prominent osteophytes and altered transverse process morphology can complicate needle advancement and reduce the likelihood of optimal injectate delivery. Despite these procedural challenges, no standardized grading system currently exists to objectively quantify anatomical complexity or predict technical difficulty during L5 supraneural TFESI.
Keywords:
contrast media
epidural injection
fluoroscopy
intervertebral disc herniation
lumbosacral region
osteophyte
pain management
spinal stenosis
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