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A refrigerant-based fluid-to-fluid scaling for PWR integral effect testing: Design and verification of PATRIOT
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DOI：10.1016/j.net.2026.104544.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Integral effect test (IET) facilities provide the system-level experimental basis for pressurized water reactor (PWR) safety analysis, but their prototypical pressure and temperature conditions restrict experimental accessibility, visualization, and reconfiguration. This paper presents the fluid-to-fluid scaling design, construction, and code-based verification of PATRIOT, the refrigerant-based IET facility encompassing the complete primary, secondary, and safety injection systems of a PWR. Applying Ishii's three-level methodology with the reduced-pressure surrogate-fluid approach, PATRIOT scales the OPR/APR1000 to 1/8 in height and 1/10 in diameter and employs R134a to reproduce prototypical two-phase behavior at 2.65 MPa and 55–70°C. The design deliberately accepts quantified single-phase heat-transfer distortions while preserving the two-phase groups governing accident progression, including the density ratio, drift-flux number, and Froude number. Verification with MARS-KS, incorporating newly implemented R134a property correlations, reproduced all steady-state targets within 2%. A station blackout transient preserved the complete phenomenological sequence with phase-dependent fidelity: early single-phase-dominated events deviated by 30.5–39.6% from ideal scaled timing, whereas natural circulation breakdown, pressurizer filling, and core heat-up were reproduced within 10%. These results establish refrigerant-based integral testing as a low-severity, visually accessible platform for PWR safety research.
Keywords:
Integral effect test facility
Fluid-to-fluid scaling
Refrigerant
Surrogate fluid
APR/OPR1000
MARS-KS
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