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A regulatory network linking NnTPS1, NnTRX and NnSnRK1 modulates energy allocation and flower bud abortion in lotus
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DOI：10.1016/j.jplph.2026.154800.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is highly sensitive to energy status, and low light frequently triggers flower bud abortion, reducing its ornamental and economic value. In this study, we identified thioredoxin (NnTRX) as a previously unrecognized regulatory component functionally associated with the NnTPS1-NnSnRK1 module involved in energy allocation and reproductive fate in lotus. Energy stress simulated by controlled shading led to a pronounced decrease in NnTPS1 expression and a concomitant increase in NnSnRK1 transcription and kinase activity; these molecular alterations were closely associated with bud abortion. Functional analyses showed that NnTPS1 overexpression significantly mitigated low-light–induced flower bud abortion and suppressed NnSnRK1 activity. Yeast one-hybrid and transient expression assays demonstrated that NnTRX directly binds to and activates the NnSnRK1 promoter, functioning as a previously unrecognized positive regulator. Silencing NnTRX reduced NnSnRK1 levels and markedly alleviated bud abortion. Moreover, both exogenous trehalose application and NnTRX silencing promoted preferential allocation of energy reserves to reproductive organs, thereby enhancing flowering success, as confirmed by Periodic Acid–Schiff (PAS) staining. Collectively, our findings support a regulatory network linking NnTPS1, NnTRX and NnSnRK1 in the control of energy allocation and reproductive development under shade stress, offering theoretical insights and candidate molecular targets for breeding stress-resistant lotus cultivars.
Keywords:
NnTPS1
NnTRX
NnSnRK1
energy allocation
flower bud abortion
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