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A Review of 35 Years in Developing Constitutive Models for the Callovo-Oxfordian Claystone Behavior
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DOI：10.1007/s00603-026-05844-x.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone has been selected as the host formation for the French geological nuclear waste disposal project (Cigéo), if it is licensed. The COx layer is located ~500 m below the ground surface and has a thickness of ~150 m. An exhaustive characterisation of the host rock through laboratory investigations at the sample scale and field experiments performed at the Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Research Laboratory (MHM URL) has revealed complex hydromechanical (HM) responses of this rock under loading representative of the disposal conditions. Several constitutive models have been proposed to describe the COx claystone behaviour based on characterisation data. This paper aims to review ~35 years of developing constitutive models to describe the COx claystone behaviour for the Cigéo project design and optimisation. Two main modelling approaches, including intrinsic and non-intrinsic, have been considered to model the excavation-induced host rock response. The non-intrinsic approach consists of the introduction of excavation-induced fracture zones or excavation disturbed zones (EdZ) with properties less favourable than the intact rock into the model geometry. Both the EdZ and the intact rock are usually described by isotropic models. The predefined EdZ helps to reproduce the anisotropic responses to the excavation similar to the in-situ observation. The intrinsic approach uses phenomenological models to self-reproduce the rock response in comparison to laboratory and field observations. Phenomenological models can be divided into three categories: continuum-based, micromechanical-based, and discontinuity models. The continuum models are formulated via the macroscopic constitutive equations (e.g., elasto-visco-plasticity, damage, weakness plane, and their combinations) or through the variational principle for fracture mechanics (e.g., phase-field method). The micromechanical constitutive equations, including different features, such as elasticity, plasticity, viscoplasticity, damage, and non-saturation, are functions of porosity and inclusion fraction. The discontinuity models include the discrete element method (DEM) and constitutive models governing the behaviour of the blocks and interfaces between them. A modelling application to study the behavior of the GCS drift, within Mause/Haute-Marne Underground Research Laboratory, is considered to illustrate the capabilities of representative modelling approaches developed for COx claystone.
Keywords:
Callovo-Oxfordian claystone
Continuum-based models
Micromechanical models
Discontinuity models
Excavation-induced fracture zone
Geological radioactive waste disposal
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