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A simple 4-step method for constructing 4 x 4 pandiagonal magic squares
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AI
DOI：10.1007/s43539-026-00211-9.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Magic squares, particularly the 4 & times; 4 pandiagonal (PD) ones, offer a distinct allure because of the property that rows, columns, principal diagonals, as well as all the broken diagonals, give the magic sum. Building on our earlier exploration of N & amacr;r & amacr;yana Pandita's horse-move (turagagati) method, and drawing in particular on additional properties identified in a recent study, this paper presents a simple four-step procedure for constructing PD magic squares within a novel quadrilayered framework. In this method, we begin with four arbitrary numbers {a,b,c,d}, and from them generate the entire PD magic square in just four steps. Additionally, we also find that the characteristic polynomial satisfied by such a square (considering it as a matrix) takes a much simpler and elegant form than the one that is available in the literature.
Keywords:
Magic squares
Pandiagonal
Bhadraganita
Quadrilayered framework
Characteristic polynomial
Journal
I
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0.5
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30
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0