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A Stability-Aware Arbiter-Based Ring Oscillator PUF With Massive CRP Support for Secure IoT Applications
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DOI：10.1109/jiot.2026.3704430.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) have been widely adopted as intrinsic hardware roots of trust, providing device-unique entropy for authentication and key generation in IoT applications. Ring-oscillator PUFs (RO-PUFs) are one of the well-known delay-based PUFs, particularly for their implementation on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). However, RO-PUFs have limitations that make them impractical for certain applications such as authentication and key generation in IoT systems. One limitation is that they cannot support a large number of challenge-response pairs (CRPs), which limits their use for authentication and key generation purposes. In addition, RO-PUFs suffer from low reliability, which can question the practical deployment of PUF-based security solutions. To overcome these challenges, this article presents a novel RO-PUF structure that effectively maximizes reliability and expands the CRP space. To that end, we first develop the crossover RO-PUF (CRO-PUF) structure by adding a new redirection block to increase the number of possible signal paths in the internal communication network of the RO-PUF and, consequently, the number of supported CRPs. Furthermore, we add a new arbiter block that assesses the response bits on device and detects the stable responses in the output when there is a certain difference in value between the two counters to improve the RO-PUF’s reliability without needing any post processing error correction procedure. In order to have a practical validation and a security/performance evaluation, we implement the proposed PUF on an FPGA board. The experimental results show that the proposed structure has a close-to-ideal reliability (instability of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lt$ </tex-math></inline-formula><inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ 2 \times 10^{-9}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), with a uniqueness of 48.87% and a uniformity of 50.45%, and an exponentially increased number of available CRPs. The comparative results also show that the proposed PUF outperforms previous works in terms of reliability, the provided CRP, and hardware overhead.
Keywords:
Internet of Things (IoT) security
massive challenge-response support
response stability
ring oscillator PUFs (RO-PUFs)
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8.9
Papers:
1.4W
Citations:
7.8W
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