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A Study on the Dependence of Neutron Emission on Plasma Performance Following the Transition from Graphite to Tungsten Divertor in KSTAR
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DOI：10.1016/j.net.2026.104551.png)
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Abstract
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Following the replacement of the graphite divertor with tungsten in KSTAR, a degradation in plasma performance has been observed. Both the stored plasma energy and neutron emission decreased compared with the graphite configuration. In KSTAR, plasma heating is primarily achieved using the Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) system, which injects high-energy neutral deuterium particles into the plasma. These injected beam ions transfer energy to the background plasma through collisions and simultaneously generate fusion neutrons mainly through beam–target fusion reactions with thermal plasma ions. The beam–target neutron emission, arising from interactions between injected beam ions and thermal background plasma ions, exhibited a similar proportional dependence on the volume-averaged electron temperature for both divertor materials. The results demonstrate that the beam–target fusion mechanism remains valid under tungsten divertor conditions, although overall plasma confinement performance is reduced. In addition, deviations from the beam–target scaling of neutron emission on beam parameters in upper single null (USN) and lower single null (LSN) configurations are analyzed in terms of beam shine-through losses.
Keywords:
KSTAR
neutron
tungsten divertor
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