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A Synergistic Ternary Retarder for α-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate: High-Efficiency Retardation and Strength Preservation
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DOI：10.1111/jace.70988.png)
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Abstract
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To address the challenge of enhancing retardation performance while preserving strength in α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate, a low-dosage (< 0.18 wt%) ternary synergistic composite system was successfully developed in this study, achieving an effective performance trade-off. Specifically, through optimization via response surface methodology, an adjustable initial setting time ranging from 21 to 92 min was obtained, while the oven-dry compressive strength loss was controlled within 23.03%. A model capable of accurately predicting performance response values was established. For the optimized validation group, the initial and final setting times reached 58 and 70 min, respectively, while the 1‑day flexural strength (8.778 MPa) and oven-dry compressive strength (42.559 MPa) losses were measured at 15.34% and 17.26%, demonstrating satisfactory performance. The synergistic enhancement mechanism was elucidated by combining solution properties, surface charge and adsorption differences, solid-phase morphological evolution, and molecular dynamics simulations. Within the ternary composite system, the synergism of chelation and multi-molecular network diffusion inhibition delivers excellent retarding performance, while the regulation of hydration kinetics and microstructural densification contributes to improved mechanical strength. This study provides technical support for the high performance of gypsum‑based cementitious materials and offers new insights for balanced formulation design.
Keywords:
composite system
retarding performance
strength
synergistic mechanism
α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate
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