Abnormal Component Analysis

Romain Valla

doi:10.1080/00401706.2026.2616463

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Abnormal Component Analysis

2026-07-03

PRE

Romain Valla *

Pavlo Mozharovskyi

d'Alche-Buc, Florence

DOI：10.1080/00401706.2026.2616463

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Abstract

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At the crossroads of machine learning and data analysis, anomaly detection aims at identifying observations that exhibit abnormal behavior. Be it measurement errors, disease development, severe weather, production quality default(s) (items) or failed equipment, financial frauds or crisis events, their on-time identification and isolation constitute an important task in almost any area of industry and science. While a substantial body of literature is devoted to detection of anomalies, little attention is payed to their explanation. This is the case mostly due to intrinsically non-supervised nature of the task and non-robustness of the exploratory methods like principal component analysis (PCA). We introduce a new statistical tool dedicated for exploratory analysis of abnormal observations using data depth as a score. Abnormal component analysis (shortly ACA) is a method that searches a low-dimensional data representation that best visualizes and explains anomalies. This low-dimensional representation not only allows to distinguish groups of anomalies better than the methods of the state of the art, but as well provides a-linear in variables and thus easily interpretable-explanation for anomalies. In a comparative simulation and real-data study, ACA also proves advantageous for anomaly analysis with respect to methods present in the literature.

Keywords:

Anomaly detection

Data depth

Data visualization

Dimension reduction

Explainability

Projection depth

Robustness