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Accelerated Transformer Energization Sequence for Black-Start by Grid-Forming Inverters With Active Flux Trajectory Shaping in the Stationary Reference Frame
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DOI：10.1109/tpel.2026.3695564.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
This article proposes an accelerated, inrush-free transformer energization method for black-start by grid-forming (GFM) inverters that overcomes the inherent low speed of conventional soft-energization (SE) based on voltage ramp-up. In conventional SE, the ramp-up duration is often conservatively selected due to large transformer electromagnetic time constants and unknown postblackout residual flux. In contrast, the proposed method actively suppresses magnetic-flux bias instead of relying on its passive decay. To this end, an inverter-based demagnetization step is first implemented to eliminate the unknown residual flux. Then, the inverter terminal voltage is synthesized to generate a time-optimal, bias-free magnetic-flux trajectory. To enable systematic trajectory design, the three-phase voltage and magnetic flux are represented as vectors in the stationary reference frame, providing a direct vector-domain design procedure compared with conventional time-domain approaches. As a result, core saturation and the associated inrush current are fully suppressed while significantly accelerating transformer energization relative to conventional SE. Experimental results validate that the proposed framework achieves deterministic transformer energization on a millisecond time scale regardless of transformer power rating, enabling reliable and semiconductor-safe black-start in inverter-dominated power systems.
Keywords:
Black-start
demagnetization
grid-forming (GFM) inverter
inrush current mitigation
soft-magnetization
transformer energization
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6.5
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1.7W
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8.3W
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