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Access Point Deployment for Robust Line-of-Sight Coverage Under Stochastic Obstacles
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DOI：10.1109/tmc.2026.3699024.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Advancements in high-frequency communication technologies, including millimeter-wave (mmWave), terahertz (THz), and optical wireless bands, play a crucial role in extending wireless connectivity beyond 5G. These bands provide ultra-wide bandwidths that enable very high data rates, support dense device deployments, and precise positioning. However, their performance critically depends on maintaining clear Line-of-Sight (LoS) conditions, since Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) components suffer from strong attenuation and reflection losses. While mmWave links may provide limited connectivity through NLoS reflections, LoS propagation remains the main factor governing the link budget and reliability of the target applications. In contrast, THz and optical wireless links are almost completely blocked by opaque materials, making LoS assurance essential. This paper tackles the issue of LoS coverage by determining the minimum number and optimal placement of Access Points (APs) required to ensure LoS connectivity in stochastic environments with random obstacles. The environment is modeled as a visibility graph whose nodes represent sub-polygons and edges denote visibility overlaps. Using maximal-clique clustering and maximum-clique packing algorithms, the proposed deterministic framework ensures LoS coverage under all realizations within the modeled stochastic ensemble, achieving up to a 50% reduction in the number of required APs while maintaining over 90% LoS coverage for every realization of obstacle locations.
Keywords:
Wireless communications
detailed planning
blockage
stochastic environment
LoS link
graph modeling
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