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Accuracy of sixteen axial length adjusted intraocular lens power calculation formulas in long Caucasian eyes
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DOI：10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100301.png)
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Abstract
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Objective: To compare the accuracy of sixteen intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas incorporating targeted adjustments or regression-based modifications of axial length (AL) in eyes longer than 26.00 mm. Design: Retrospective observational study. Methods: The data of myopic patients with cataract who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification with in-the-bag implantation of a PARTIAL-RoF narrow IOL between January 2020 and June 2025 were reviewed. Preoperative IOL power was calculated using the IOLMaster 700 with six formulas: Barrett Universal II (BU II), Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, Holladay 2, and SRK/T. The implanted IOL power was selected from BUII or SRK/T recommendations. Refraction was measured three months postoperatively. Postoperative IOL power predictions were generated using the following formulas or formula variants: K6, PEARL-DGS, Castrop, Eom, VRF CMAL; Holladay 1 with Wang-Koch 2 center optimization (WK2), modified Wang-Koch (MWK), non-linear regression (NLR), and Fam-adjusted method (F2); SRK/T WK2, SRK/T MWK, SRK/T F2; Holladay 2 NLR; Hoffer Q WK2; Haigis WK2; and Barrett True AL. The primary outcome measures were root mean square absolute error (RMSAE) and the percentage of eyes with prediction error (PE) within + 0.25 D, + 0.50 D, + 0.75 D, and + 1.00 D. Results: One hundred sixty-four eyes with ALs ranging from 26.04 mm to 29.72 mm were included. RMSAE values across the sixteen formulas ranged from 0.393 (Holladay 1 NLR and SRK/T WK2) to 0.803 (Haigis WK2). The percentage of eyes with PE within +0.50 D ranged from 35.98% (Haigis WK2) to 81.1% (Holladay 1 NLR). Holladay 1 NLR-followed by SRK/T WK2, Holladay 1 MWK, VRF CMAL, PEARL-DGS, and Eom-demonstrated significantly higher accuracy than most other formulas. Haigis WK2 and Hoffer Q WK2 were the least accurate. Conclusions: Certain modified third-generation formulas (Holladay 1 NLR, SRK/T WK2) achieve accuracy comparable to that of new-generation formulas (PEARL-DGS, K6, VRF CMAL) in IOL power calculations for long eyes. However, some third-and fourth-generation formulas-even after AL-based modification (Hoffer Q WK2, Haigis WK2)-continue to yield suboptimal results in this anatomical range.
Keywords:
Cataract surgery
Long eyes
Intraocular lenses
Holladay 1 formula
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