Adaptive Multi-Task Learning for Probabilistic Load Forecasting

doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2025.3648811

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Adaptive Multi-Task Learning for Probabilistic Load Forecasting

2025-12-26

PRE

Onintze Zaballa

Veronica Alvarez

Santiago Mazuelas

DOI：10.1109/TPWRS.2025.3648811

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Abstract

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Simultaneous load forecasting across multiple entities (e.g., regions, buildings) is crucial for the efficient, reliable, and cost-effective operation of power systems. Accurate load forecasting is a challenging problem due to the inherent uncertainties in load demand, dynamic changes in consumption patterns, and correlations among entities. Multi-task learning has emerged as a powerful machine learning approach that enables the simultaneous learning across multiple related problems. However, its application to load forecasting remains under-explored and is limited to offline learning methods, which cannot capture changes in consumption patterns. This paper presents an adaptive multi-task learning method for probabilistic load forecasting. The proposed method can dynamically adapt to changes in consumption patterns and correlations among entities. In addition, the techniques presented provide reliable probabilistic predictions for loads of multiple entities and assess load uncertainties. Specifically, the method is based on vector-valued hidden Markov models and uses a recursive process to update the model parameters and provide predictions with the most recent parameters. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using datasets that contain the load demand of multiple entities and exhibit diverse and dynamic consumption patterns. The experimental results show that the presented techniques outperform existing methods both in terms of forecasting performance and uncertainty assessment.

Keywords:

Multi-task learning

probabilistic load forecasting

online learning