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Aerosol and bioaerosol generation from toilet flushing: A systematic review and risk factor analysis
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DOI：10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.182111.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
• Toilet flushing produces aerosols capable of reaching the adult breathing zone. • Seeding concentration and flushing energy drive aerosol/bioaerosol concentrations. • Aerosol/bioaerosol concentrations increase with higher seeding levels. • Aerosol/bioaerosol levels increase ~1.3-fold per additional litre per flush. • Effects of pressure, lid position and ventilation unclear due to limited data.
Keywords:
Toilet flushing
Aerosol generation
Bioaerosols
Seeding concentration
Flushing energy
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